What is meant by "shaping" in behavior analysis?

Shaping refers to the process of gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. This technique is particularly useful when the target behavior is not yet in the individual's repertoire. Instead of expecting the individual to perform the complete behavior right away, the behavior analyst identifies smaller steps or approximations that lead toward the final goal.

For example, if the target behavior is for a child to learn to speak a specific word, the behavior analyst might first reinforce the child for making any sound that is close to that word, then for combinations of sounds that are more accurate, eventually reinforcing the complete correct word. By providing reinforcement at each stage of progress toward the final desired behavior, shaping effectively guides the individual toward learning complex behaviors in a systematic way.

This progressive approach builds confidence and skill, making it easier for the individual to achieve the ultimate goal. Using shaping reinforces the importance of gradual learning and highlights the role of reinforcement in modifying behavior.